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Evaluación agroecológica y nutricional del nopal forrajero (opuntia spp) en Coahuila, México.
| dc.contributor.advisor | Fuentes Rodríguez, Jesús Manuel | |
| dc.contributor.author | López González, Juan José | |
| dc.contributor.other | Rodríguez Herrera, Sergio Alfredo | |
| dc.contributor.other | Zarate Lupercio, Alejandro | |
| dc.contributor.other | Medina Torres, Jorge Galo | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-09-02T16:13:34Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2021-09-02T16:13:34Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2004-01-15 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://repositorio.uaaan.mx:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/47497 | |
| dc.description | La deforestación y el uso inadecuado de los recursos naturales de las zonas áridas y semiáridas se incrementan en forma alarmante, lo que está provocando una desertificación acelerada de estas regiones. Este manejo y la destrucción de la vegetación nativa así como la polución ha propiciado que el clima se vuelva más impredecible y errático, razón por la que las áreas de temporal se vuelvan improductivas y se dejen de cultivar, para finalmente dedicarlas a la ganadería extensiva, y aprovechamiento de flora y fauna con intención económica (López, 1977). Los estados del norte de México se caracterizan por ser productores de bovinos de carne y leche, de caprinos y ovinos, ya que cuentan con grandes extensiones de terreno que se dedican a la cría de estas especies. Sin embargo, uno de los principales problemas que se presentan en estas regiones, son las pocas lluvias y su irregularidad, además de la poca o nula disponibilidad de agua en el subsuelo, que generalmente es de mala calidad, lo que impide el uso de estas tierras para la producción de cultivos forrajeros en forma intensiva (López, 1998; Maldonado y Zapien, 1977; Malo, 1965). | es_MX |
| dc.description.abstract | "Este trabajo se planteó con el objetivo de caracterizar las especies del género Opuntia que son utilizadas como forraje por los ganaderos del sureste del estado de Coahuila, México, en la producción de carne y leche (ganadería extensiva y en la producción de leche). Su distribución, manejo y utilización en el estado. Determinar las especies forrajeras más importantes, siendo para los ranchos ganaderos la Opuntia rastrera y la Opuntia lindheimeri y sus variedades y para los establos lecheros la Opuntia rastrera, su demanda y su calidad nutritiva. Se establecieron plantaciones con ocho tratamientos. Se evaluaron características taxonómicas y fisiológicas para reforzar más la identificación taxonómica de estas especies en estudio. Sus métodos de cosecha y sistemas de rehabilitación de las áreas cosechadas. Así como la determinación cromosómica de las principales especies utilizadas como forraje por los ganaderos del sur del estado, donde se observó que todas las especies y variedades silvestres muestreados tuvieron el mismo número de cromosomas 22, menos la Opuntia ficus-indica (introducida) con 88 cromosomas. Se detettninó el valor nutritivo de cinco especies de nopal forrajero, así como la tasa de degradación de la fibra." | es_MX |
| dc.format | es_MX | |
| dc.language | Español | es_MX |
| dc.publisher | Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro | es_MX |
| dc.rights | Acceso Abierto | es_MX |
| dc.rights.uri | CC BY-NC-ND - Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas | es_MX |
| dc.subject | CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA | es_MX |
| dc.subject.other | Opuntia | es_MX |
| dc.subject.other | Distribución | es_MX |
| dc.subject.other | Cromosomas | es_MX |
| dc.title | Evaluación agroecológica y nutricional del nopal forrajero (opuntia spp) en Coahuila, México. | es_MX |
| dc.type | Tesis de doctorado | es_MX |
| dc.description.abstractEn | "The state of Coahuila is eminently cattle raiser and counts on an approximate surface to 150.000 km2, of which alone 10% is dedicated to the agriculture of irrigation and temporary, and the 90% remaining to the stockbreeding. About 70% of the territory is considered arid zone, with lower precipitation (300 mm); the 30% semi-dry, with smaller precipitation (450 mm) annual. This work was carried out in the southern Coahuila and covered the municipalities of Saltillo, Arteaga, Ramos Arizpe, General Cepeda and Parras de la Fuente, that utilize cactus (Opuntia spp) in the diet of animals (cattle, sheep and goats). To determine the species of cactus (Opuntia spp) that are more utilized as cactus fodder, 120 surveys among the owners of different systems of production were carried out: 23 dairy producers, 80 farms (with sheep and goats) and 17 extensive cattle raisers. The species that were more used were: cactus rastrero (O. rastrera) with 80%; cactus kakanapo (O. lindheimeri and its varieties) with 12%; cactus cardenche (O. imbricata) with 4% and other species with 4%. The dairy producers are located around of Saltillo city, and these operate, with not more than 40 animals in production, are rustic and the majority does not count on adequate installations, due to that waste materials for its construction are utilized. The type of ration is very variable, since it depends on the costs and availability of commodity, but mainly is composed from 3 to 8 kg of commercial concentrate, from 2 to 8 kg of alfalfa hay, from 2 to 5 kg of straw roughage, and 15 to 42 kg of cactus (Opuntia spp). The cost of the ration fluctuates from $ 10.00 to $ 33.00 pesos a day. Production of milk goes from 14 to 18 liters day, with an average of 15.5 liters/day. On extensive cattle raisers, the utilization of cactus (Opuntia spp) depends on the species that are present in theirs ranches; the same thing happens with sheep and goats. The total amount of cactus that is utilized is extracted from the existing natural populations, which, by its excessive use have been decimated, by which is necessary to go to harvest it to greater distances of 100 km, when 20 years ago, it was harvested to distances less than 35 km of the city of Saltillo. In the areas of study, places with the better populations of cactus were located: estimations of production of biomass were carried out in plots of 400 m2, results indicated that the higher production was for the cooperative Cosme, of the municipality of Ramos Arizpe, with a density of 2125 individuals/ha and a production estimated of 49,039 kg/ha. To promote the rehabilitation of the overutilized areas, establishment with the surcado Lister system of plantation was evaluated, with eight treatments during six years. Treatments three and four were the ones that gave better results, with an establishment of 88 and 97%, and a production at six years of 23 and 39 ton/ha, respectively: treatments seven and eight were the lowest, since they all died at second year of planted. The biological damages presented were caused by rodents, lagomorfos and ants. Inside the anatomical characteristics of these species in wild state, it was observed that the thickness of the cutícula fluctuated among the 2.1 and 6.6 pm, as opposed to cultivated cactus that goes from 8.1 to 16.2 pm. Only two species of the seven studied (Opuntia microdasys and O. rufida) presented tricomas that are characteristic of the series Basilares. The number of stomas was smaller in the species that grow close to the ground (O. rastrera and O. microdasys), with 24 by mm2, and 55 by mm2 in the species that are taller (Opuntia cantabrigiensis and O. írnbricata), results of the eight species analyzed, indicated that seven wild cactus resulted with 2n=2X=22 (diploides), and only one cultivated cactus (O. ficus-indica) had 2n=8X=88 (octaploide). The chemical analyses obtained of the five species studied indicate that the dry matter content fluctuates between 10 and 30%; protein 6.6% in O. lindheimeri var subarmata, to 10.7% in O. imbricata. These data vary depending on the species, time of the year, age of the plant, etc. The in vitro digestibílity of the dry matter did not have differences (p> 0.05) among processing. The O. ficus indicates high values of with 63.99%, while the lower values are for the O. lindheimeri var. tricolor, with 55.32%. The organic matter digestibility differentiate (P<0.05) among processing. According to these results, all the species and varieties of cactus can be utilized in diets of maintenance, to cover partially the requirements of ruminants, mainly in critica! times of the year." | es_MX |
| dc.type.version | Versión publicada | es_MX |
| dc.audience | Estudiantes | es_MX |
| dc.audience | Investigadores | es_MX |
| dc.publisher.place | Saltillo, Coahuila, México | es_MX |
